Cathepsin D in Glial Tumors: Comparative Study with PCNA and Cell Cycle Analysis

No abstract available.

Transferrin Receptors in Gliomas and its Relationship with Flow Cytometric Analysis

No abstract available.

Simultaneous Stain with Neutral Red and Tetrazolium Salt for Experimental Cerebral Infarction Morphometry

Serial changes in the size of infracted area induced by MCA occlusion(MCAO) were compared with Neutral Red(NR) and 2, 3, 5-Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride(TTC) stains. The differences in size of the infracted area as shown by the 2 stains and its significance were also evaluated. The experimental animals were divided into 7 troups, with each group consisting of rats;these groups were stained at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after MCAO. After MCAO, NR was infused into the femoral vein, after which the brain was removed, the fraontal pole of the brain cut into 1.5mm sections, and each section photographed. Then, the NR-stained sections were immersed in TTC solution for 45 minutes and photographed. Results showed that the infracted area progressively increased according to time duration after MCAO(one-way ANOVA, p<0.01). Between 4 and 6 hour groups, the difference of the infracted area was greater than at any other timed groups, this being statistically significant(unpaired t-test, p<0.05). After 6 hours, the infracted area with NR stain became relatively stable. In contrast, however, the infracted area with TTC stain did not stabilize, but continued to increase up to 24 hours. Overall, the infracted area with NR stain was greater than with TTC stain in all the timed groups(paired t-test, p<0.05). As time progressed, the differences tended to decrease 48 hours post occlusion. In our study, serial changes of the ischemic penumbra area were evaluated by staining the ischemic area simultaneously with Neutral red and TTC stain. The results suggest that the ischemic penumbra area may still persist even after 48 hours post-MCAO.

Experimental Modifications of the Masserman Method for the Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Formation

Two modifications of the Masserman method for the measurement of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) formation have been designed and compared with the Pappenheimer technique, the Masserman method and its old form of modification in animal experiment. Among the theoretical limitations of the Masserman method, resorption of CSF during the period of measurement was taken into account with two modifications of its integration in this study. The first one was calculated by reduced formula for a simple integration and the second one was produced by Simpson's formula of integration. Twenty adult cats were used for the experiment. Mean CSF production rate calculated by the Pappenheimer method, the Masserman method, the modified Masserman method and newly designed two modifications were 0.0207+/-0.0018 ml/min, 0.0128+/-0.0031 ml/min, 0.0166+/-0.0027 ml/min, 0.0183+/-0.003 ml/min and 0.0197+/-0.0033 ml/min respectively. When compared with the Pappenheimer method, data obtained from the Masserman method were significantly underestimated(p<0.01). All modifications have well correlated with the Pappenheimer method, and newly modified Masserman methods showed better cerrespondence.

Review of Constant Infusion Method of Cerebrospinal Fluid Outflow Resistance Study

The author has performed the experimental study to define the validity of the constant infusion technique used in determining the outflow resistance(Ro) of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF). The reduced formula of the constant infusion technique in clinical setting assume that the initial resing Ro and the post-infusion equilibrium Ro are equal, which means that the Ro value is constant regardless of CSF pressure or infusion rate. Although this assumption allows such measurement to be simply and readily applicable in clinical situation, these two Ro values are practically different. So the effect such assumption on calculated Ro data has been investigated. Using 2 different methods Ro was measured simultaneously on each of 20 adult cats;one method was clinically using reduced formula(RoFc) and the other derived from the data of CSF formation rate which was calculated by modified Masserman's method(RoFm). Constant infusion was performed with varying state of infusion(0.01 to 0.2 m/min). Mean values of resting CSF pressure and superior sagittal sinus pressure were 8.8+/-2.9 mmHg and 5.7+/-1.2 mmHg respectively. Mean calculated rate of CSF formation of integrative modifiying Massereman method was 0.0183+/-0.003 ml/min. The maximum Ro was achieved between the rate of infusion of 0.02 and 0.03 ml/min achieved between the range of CSF pressure of 14 and 18 mmHg. Either in level of low CSF pressure or in rate of low infusion, RoFc showed remarkable higher values than RoFm. But this difference did not distinguished in the higher range of CSF pressure or infusion rate. The minmum and maxmum value of RoFc differed the more and RoFm, the less. These findings suggest that in order to obtain more accurate Ro data with constant infusion technique, it must be corrected in low range of CSF pressure or the rate of infusion should be increased several times as that of CSF formation at the risk of possibility of induction of a pressure wave.

Immunohistochemical Study of Gliomas using Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein(GFAP), S-100 Protein, and Neurofilament

Immunohistochemical study of gliomas was maed using the indirect Avidin-Biotin Complex(ABC) method in order to investigate the presence and patterns of distribution of GFAP, neurofilament, and S-100 protein in 37 cases of human gliomas. Generally, two immunostaining patterns were observed; perikaryal and diffuse fibrillary background staining. All of the glial tumor cases were stained positively for GFAP except for the 3 oligodendrogliomas. The S-100 protein was sensitive for all the glial tumors and for neurofilament, in about half of the cases. These observations support previous reports that GFAP is specific for astrocytes, and that S-100 protein is sensitive, but not specific for glial tumors. Furthermore, our data suggest that immunostaining patterns of G.M. is different from that of astrocytoma grad II and III.

Estrogen and Progesterone receptors in Meningioma

We studied the status of estrogen(ER) and progesterone(PR) receptors in meningiomas removed from 32 patients, using immunoperoxidase(IP) assays. PR were detected in 72% of the cases & ER were detected in 31%. The possible correlation between age, sex, histological type, ploidy pattern and proliferation index values with steroid receptor activity were discussed. The date suggest that the majority of meningiomas contain high affinity receptors for progesterone, that estrogen receptors are present in only a few meningiomas.

Flow Cytometric Analysis of DNA in Meningiomas

The Flow cytometric analysis of DNA in tumors have been reported to reflect the cellular activities and proliferative rates. Currently, it has been used to predict the prognosis and responsiveness of tumors to various modality of therapy. The author analyzed thirty seven meningiomas(7 syncytial, 9 transitional, 6 fibroblastic, 9 angioblastic, 6 atypical) using paraffinembeddede tissues. The ploidy pattern and relative value(%) in the GO/GI, S, and G2/M phases were calculated for each specimen. In our series, All were diploid types except 6 meningiomas(2 syncytial, 2 angioblastic, 2 atypical). Diploidy with weak tetraploidy(upto 10%) was found in 8 cases(40% of atypical, 33% of fibrobiastic and transitional) but not in syncytial meningioma. Diploidy with strong teraploigy(10-25%) was found in 1 transitional, 1 angioblastic meningioma. There was wide variation in 4C values even in the same subgroups of meningiomas. The distribution of P. I values is even and lower especially in fibroblastic meningiomas. On the contrary, the distribution of P. I values is relatively uneven and highly variable in other types of meningiomas & even in the same subgroups of meningiomas except fibroblastic meningioma. The prediction of recurrences in operated cases remained further investigation due to lack of long-term follow-up.

Moyamoya-like Disease Associated with Intracranial Aneurysm

The authors dersibe two cases of moyamoya-like disease associated with intracranial aneurysm. Moyamoya like disease, rare variant of moyamoya disease, has a normal unilateral caroted system. There are only few cases reported in the world literature of moyamoya-like disease associated with intracranial aneurysm. The radiological fearures and the management of these cases are discussed.

Neurilemmoma in Olfactory Groove: Case Report

We report a rare case of neurilemmoma developed in olfactory groove. This 32-years old male had a history of progressing headache for 4 months. CT scan revealed well demarcated enhancing mass. Angiography revealed mass effect without tumor staining. At operation, the tumor was attached firmly at cribiform plate, well encapsulated and whitish yellow. Pathologic examination revealed a neurilemmoma.

The Effect of Intracisternal Urokinase for the Development of Hydrocephalus after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

The authors has investigated the effect of intracisternal urokinase on the multihemorrhage canine model of chronic post-subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH) hydrocephalus. Each of 16 adult mongrel dogs was assigned to one of two experimental groups. All animals received a total of 13ml of fresh unheparinized autologous blood via three cisternal injections. Eight animals were treated by intracisternal injection of 20,000 IU of Urokinase every 12 hours for 3 days, and the remaining were not treated. The changes in ventricular volumes were measured by computed tomography(CT) before and 3 months after the initial subarachnoid blood injection. To compare the changes of hydrodynamic properties in chronic phases of post-SAH hydrocephalus, the pressure-volume index(PVI) technique of bolus manipulation of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) was used to measure the volume-buffering capacity of neural axis and the resistance to the absorption of CSF(before SAH, post-SAH 1 month, 3 months). The final ventricular volume at 3 months of control group was 4 times greater than the initial volume, but Urokinase group less than two times. The mean measured PVI values of control group and Urokinase group were 3.98+/-0.76ml(+/- standard deviation(SD)) and 4.01+/-0.82ml in baseline study, 3.09+/-0.96ml and 3.70+/-0.84ml in post-SAH 3 months. The mean resistance of CSF outflow of control group and Urokinase group were 10.30+/-2.24mm Hg/ml/min), and 10.34+/-1.98mm Hg/ml/min in baseline study. At 1 month and 3 months after SAH control group maintained high absorptive resistance(29.54+/-11.50mm Hg/ml/min, 22.43+/-3.82mm Hg/ml/min), whereas the resistances of Urokinase group were slightly increased and then returned to the original levels(16.04+/-4.87mm Hg/ml/min, 12.87+/-3.06mm Hg/ml/min). The results described in this experimental study indicated that if fibrinolysis of the subarachnoid blood clot can be achieved rapidly after SAH, the complicating chronic hydrocephalus might be prevented.

Effect of Allopurinol on Brain Infarction Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats

Of the many potential source of free radial generation, the enzyme xanthine oxidase has been shown to be important in ischemia in non-cerebral tissues. Oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in various pathological conditions including ischemia. Xanthine oxidase serve as a source of oxidizing agents such as superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide. It is investigated that the effect of a specific xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, on infarct size in a model of continuous partial cerebral ischemia in rats. Infarct volume was measured by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining of brains removed 24 hours after middle cerebral arterial occlusion. Cortical tissue was more effectively protected than basal tissue, especially in allopurinol pretreated group. On histological examinations, hemispheric swelling, PMN cell infiltration and endothelial damage were noted irrespective of allopurinol treatment. It was speculated that free radicals are important in infarction secondary to partial continuous cerebral ischemia and that xanthine oxidase may by the primary source of these radicals.